SUMMARY REPORT..................................................................... 1
ATTACHMENTS........................................................ 7
1. List of Attendees
2. Agenda
3. Operating Principles
4. Co-ordinator's Report
5. Report of the Data Buoy Co-operation Panel
6. Membership and Letters of Intent
7. Environment Canada Participant Report for IABP-8
8. WCRP International Programme for Antarctic Buoys
9. International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP) chairman’s and coordinator’s
10. Modified Method of Objective Analysis of Surface Pressure Field Above the Arctic Ocean

1.0 Opening of Meeting

The Eighth Annual Meeting of the International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP) was opened at 1300 on 29 July 1998, at the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

1.1 The Chairman of the IABP, Brian O'Donnell, called the meeting to order.

1.2 Ignatius Rigor, representing the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington, Seattle, gave a brief introduction and offered a tour of the facilities at a time convenient to the attendees. The Attendees are listed in Attachment 1.

2.0 Agenda Approval

The agenda was reviewed, and changes were made to accommodate additional presentations under item 9.0 New Business. The final version is presented as Attachment 2.

3.0 Approval of the Minutes from the 7th Annual IABP Meeting

Roger Colony, IABP Coordinator, presented the minutes for the 7th Annual Meeting held in St. Petersburg, Russia. Victor Savtchenko brought up the issue of language consistency in the minutes. This was discussed, and the minutes were approved.

4.0 Review and Approval of the IABP Operating Principles

4.1 The Operating Principles of the IABP were discussed fully. It was noted that the Operating Principles had undergone a change of style in the years since its inception. The Participants were reminded that, at IABP-7, the word drifting was changed to data to better reflect that fact that also shore-based buoys were represented.


4.2 It was recommended that paragraph 2.2 be changed slightly so that the reader would have a better understanding of what was included in the words meteorological data. It was also recommended that paragraph 3.2 be reworded to say meteorological variables rather than meteorological data, and sea-ice properties was changed to sea-ice characteristics. A change of style in items 2.2 and 3.2 were recommended. A revised version of the Operating Principles reflecting these and other editorial changes can be found in Attachment 3.

5.0 Coordinator's Report

Roger Colony showed the IABP buoy locations as of 28 July 1998 and summarized the IABP activities during the year. The complete report of the IABP Coordinator is given in Attachment 4.


5.1 Dick Moritz gave an overview of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) project and its use of buoys, including IABP.

5.2 Ignatius Rigor presented two examples of the use of IABP buoy data: 1) predicting the drift of the SHEBA ice camp, and tracking the position and deformation of the SCICEX survey area; and 2) informing that the IABP surface air temperature (SAT) assimilation of Phil Jones' global climatology. Two papers on the IABP SAT have been submitted, and a third paper on the variations in SAT will be presented at the IABP conference next week.

A discussion about whether or not to continue holding the IABP meeting annually was held. It was noted that having an annual meeting is essential to the success of the group and that going through the reports of the Participants every year has allowed IABP to keep improving the programme and maintaining quality. Pending further discussions, the Programme and Participants will meet annually.

Roger Colony informed the attendees about his informal contact with a group in Japan who wants to put buoys in the Sea of Okhotsk. These would not be IABP buoys, but it was suggested that he could use its contacts to help this group.

Roger Colony concluded with information that this would be his last year as coordinator for IABP and asked the Executive to consider his request to find a replacement for him.

6.0 Report from the Data Buoy Co-operation Panel

Etienne Charpentier presented a report on behalf of the DBCP where he summarized its activities during the year. The complete report of the DBCP is given in Attachment 5.

7.0 Status Report on Membership and Letters of Intent

The membership list of IABP Participants was reviewed. One new Participant was added, which means that a total of 25 institutes, universities, agencies and private companies are formally committed to the IABP (Attachment 6).

8.0 Status Report from Each Participant

8.1 Environment Canada

Attachment 7.

8.2 US Interagency Arctic Buoy Program/National Ice Center.

Presently, the US Interagency Arctic Buoy Program (USIABP) receives fiscal resources and services from eight U.S. Government agencies. As of 24 July 1998, the USIABP has 13 buoys operating in the Central Arctic basin and/or adjoining marginal seas. This number includes six coastal environmental buoys, four CMR ICEXAIR buoys, one Metocean TOGA tower buoy, one Polar Ocean Profiler, and one ice beacon. Meteorological data from all 13 buoys are being distributed in real time via the Global Telecommunications System. Other contributions include: WHITE TRIDENT aerial assets, funding for the IABP Coordinator/Data Management function and coordination for the NICOP AARI buoy development initiative.

8.3 Marine Environmental Data Service.

Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS), Canada, captures, conducts preliminary quality control and archives the data from GTS as part of its mandate as the Responsible National Oceanographic Data Center (RNODC) for drifting buoys. In addition, such data are periodically submitted to the World Data Center-A (glaciology) to establish a uniform quality controlled data base. The archive at MEDS is used to derive statistics on buoys and data from the sensors mounted on them. Statistics from the area north of 60ºN were presented. The Coordinator will work with MEDS to decide on a set of statistics that will adequately reflect the quality and quantity of data from IABP.
8.4 Christian Michelsen Research.

A total of 19 ICEX/ICEXAIR buoys have been deployed under the IABP in the period 1996-1998. In 1996, six air deployments were made, in 1997, four air deployments and in 1998, seven air deployments and two ship deployments are scheduled. All but one of these will be operational by August 1998. During the period 1997- July 1998, a total of seven ICEX/ICEXAIR buoys ceased to operate. Their operational lifetime ranged from 205 to 1174 days, with an average of 688 days.


8.5 World Climate Research Programme.

Under the Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS), WCRP implements the Sea-Ice Models Inter-comparison Project (SIMIP). The IABP data are used by SIMIP to validate the sea-ice modules of coupled sea-ice/atmosphere/ocean global climate models. A science and coordination plan of a new WCRP activity entitled "Climate and Cryosphere" (CLIC) is under development by a WCRP (JSC/ACSYS) CLIC Task Group. WCRP provided funding to support the printing of the IABP brochure (June 1997 version). WCRP also provided necessary funds to support the participation of several sea-ice experts in the IABP-8, the IABP mini-conference, and the workshop on Sea-Ice Charts.


8.6 Service Argos.

Argos is implementing several changes beginning with launch of NOAA-K and the first Argos-2 instrument. System improvement will continue with NOAA-L, M, N, and the Japanese ADEOS II.


8.7 Naval Oceanographic Office.

The Naval Oceanographic Office received seven ICEXAIR buoys from the Christian Michelsen Research Institute (CMR) in late June. Thor Kvinge and Torleif Lothe of CMR, accompanied by Chris O'Connors and Dave Benner of the U.S. National Ice Center, travelled to NAVOCEANO to prepare the drifters for deployment during an August survey in the Barents Sea.

NAVOCEANO continues to work closely with the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute to expand Arctic data collection capabilities. In addition, NAVOCEANO provided two Polar Ocean Profiler (POP) buoys and funded Argos costs to support SHEBA.


8.8 Department for Navigation and Oceanography, Ministry of Defense of Russian Federation.

Oleg Korneev attended the meeting as representative for the Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography and as the Chair of Hydrometeorological and Hydrograhical Service MV Frunze Naval College . He suggested modifying the objective analysis method and adding the interpolation procedures for cases when distance between buoys and coastal meteorological stations is more than 800 km. The Participant's approach will be reported during the upcoming Sea-Ice Workshop August 5-7, 1998.


8.9 UK Meteorological Office.

The ICEXAIR buoy, Argos number 1261, purchased by the UK Meteorological Office in March 1996 and deployed in August 1996 is still operational after two years. On 24 July, it was located at 77º 40' North and 31º27' West.

Two other ICEXAIR buoys, 1351 and 3004, were recently under test at NAVOCEANO at the Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. These buoys will be air dropped in August 1998 at locations determined by the IABP. An additional ICEX buoy has now been purchased from Christian Michelsen Research as next year's contribution to the IABP. It will be available for deployment any time after February 1999.


8.10 Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) and Roshydromet.

During the IABP intersessional period, AARI constructed seven Arctic drifting meteorological buoys, as described in Attachment 9 of the IABP-7 Summary Report. The specific feature of this type of buoy is air temperature measurements on 1.5 meter height. It would allow the collection of more realistic temperature means than other kinds of air-droppable arctic meteorological buoys.


Four buoys were sent to the USA for laboratory testing, including cold room tests. These buoys will be deployed for field tests in natural conditions in the Arctic (Point Barrow) and Antarctica (McMurdo Station).

Three other buoys are planned to be deployed in the northern parts of the Laptev, Kara and Barents Seas, respectively, in the period August – September 1998.

The construction of these buoys was funded jointly by NAVOCEANO and Office of Naval Research-Europe (ONR).

In August 1997, a new Local User Terminal (LUT) was installed at AARI. The LUT provides active tracking of Argos platforms via NOAA satellites. This unit was loaned to AARI by NAVOCEANO as part of IABP-cooperation.

9.0 New Business

9.1 DBCP Implementation Plan.

The Technical Coordinator of the DBCP presented the proposed DBCP implementation plan. This plan, which will be formalized at the next DBCP session in October 1998, will be part of the GOOS/GCOS implementation strategy plan. IABP Participants are invited to comment and suggest amendments by 30 August 1998 to the Technical Coordinator of the DBCP. Full text of the draft plan may be viewed at the DBCP web site under Global Implementation menu item (http://dbcp.nos.noaa.gov/dbcp).

9.2 Report on IPAB

Attachment 8.

9.3 Review IABP-IPAB connections.

The merits of merging the IABP and IPAB were discussed at length. It was recommended that items of common interest should be explored by the coordinators.

9.4 Reports and Representation at the DBCP Annual Meeting.

IABP submissions to, and participation in, the annual Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP) meetings was discussed. For the past few years, an IABP Chairman/Coordinator Report has been submitted for the annual (DBCP) meeting, but there has been no formal representation by the IABP at the DBCP meetings. It was the consensus of the IABP meeting that attendance of, and a presentation by, an IABP Executive member (or a delegated person) at the annual DBCP meeting was important. The Fourteenth Session of the Data Buoy Cooperation panel will be held in Miami, USA, 12 to 16 October, 1998. A presentation at both the Scientific and Technical Workshop of the Fourteenth Session of the DBCP Panel and at the session itself is desirable. David Benner expressed an interest in attending the DBCP meeting.

Attachment 9 is the IABP Chairman/Coordinator’s report submitted for the 1997 DBCP meeting. Subsequent IABP meeting minutes will include such reports.

9.5 MEDS Proposal for IABP CD-ROM.

A proposal to develop a CD-ROM containing IABP data was presented. It was recommended that MEDS work with Ignatius Rigor and Ed Hudson to produce such a product.

9.6 IABP Poster.

IABP posters and brochures to date were discussed. Brochures for the October 1998 DBCP meeting and the May 1998 WMO meetings are needed. Ed Hudson asked for contributions -- photos in particular --- for future brochures and posters. Participants were reminded that the bear pictures are for IABP promotional use only, and that they should always acknowledge the photographer (Donald G. Barton) when using the pictures.

9.7 Review of GTS processing of IABP data.

The need for access to more real-time LUT data was expressed and discussed.

9.8 Location of 9th IABP annual meeting.

The location and time of IABP-9 meeting will be decided by the Executive.

10.0 Reports on Related Programmes (GCOS, GOOS, OOPC, etc.)

Monitoring of the ice covered seas was among the agenda items for the third meeting of the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) held in Grasse, France, 6-8 April 1998. Roger Colony was invited to participate and to make recommendations for climate monitoring of the Arctic Ocean. He reported that OOPC and the associated programme (GODAE) might be the best avenue for a connection between the climate monitoring community and the IABP. The OOPC report (in draft form) can be found on the web http://www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/mrl/nrs/oopc_3/oopc3rpt.html. Information on GODAE can be found at.http://www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/mrlr/nrs/oopc/godae/homepage.html. Participants were reminded that within the GOOS/GCOS action plan for existing bodies, buoy deployment issues will be addressed via the DBCP implementation plan. Since IABP is an Action Group of the DBCP, it is important that its own deployment strategy issues be addressed in that plan. Those issues will be discussed at the next session in October 1998.

11.0 New Directions

An open discussion about the direction of the Programme was held. Roger Colony suggested a new direction: Oceanographers noticed significant warming of the Arctic Ocean and the erosion of the layer of cold water extending from the surface to 200 m. Is this a signal of climate change or a signature of natural climate variability? Study of variability of the Arctic Ocean will probably be a major focus study by the US National Science Foundation. The IABP Participants recommended the use of POP buoys to monitor upper ocean temperatures and salinity, and suggested the search for a dedicated person within IABP to be the principal investigator to funding agencies to support deployment of POP buoys.

12.0 Election of Officers

12.1 In accordance with the IABP Principles, elections to the following offices took place:

Chairman: Tim Goos, Canada
Vice Chairman: Thor Kvinge, Norway
Member: Dave Benner, USA
Member: Ivan Frolov, Russia

12.2. Ignatius Rigor was appointed Coordinator for the IABP Programme.

13.0 Review of Meeting and Recommendations

The Operating Principles were reviewed and a few style changes were made as noted in paragraph 4.0.

14.0 Approval of Meeting Minutes

The draft Summary Report was reviewed and approved pending proposed changes.

Wednesday, 29 July

1300 - 1700 IABP Business Meeting

1. Meeting Opens -- Chairman, B. O'Donnell
1.1. Call to order
1.2. Welcome and Meeting Information (I. Rigor)
2. Agenda Approval (B. O'Donnell)
3. Approval of Minutes of the IABP 7th Annual Meeting - 1997 (R. Colony)
4. Review and Approval of the IABP Operating Principles (R. Colony)
5. Coordinator's Report (R. Colony)
5.1. IABP Buoys at SHEBA Station (R. Moritz)
5.2. IABP with SCICEX (I. Rigor)
5.3. Surface Air Temperatures (I. Rigor)
6. Report from Data Buoy Co-operation Panel (DBCP) (E. Charpentier)

Thursday, 30 July

0900 - 1200 IABP Business Meeting (Continued)


7. Status Report on Membership and Letters of Intent (R. Colony)
8. Status Reports from each Participant (B. O'Donnell)
9. New Business (B. O'Donnell)
9.1. DBCP Implementation Plan (E. Charpentier)
9.2. Report on IPAB (V. Savtchenko)
9.3. Review IABP-IPAB connections (R. Colony)
9.4. Reports and Representation at the DBCP Annual Meeting (E. Hudson)
9.5. MEDS Proposal for a IABP CD-ROM (S. Narayanan)
9.6. IABP Poster (E. Hudson)
9.7. Review of GTS processing of IABP data (E. Hudson)
9.8. Location of 9th meeting

1330 - 1700 IABP Business Meeting (Continued)


10. Reports on related programmes such as GCOS, GOOS, etc. (R. Colony)
11. New Directions (B. O'Donnell)
12. Election of Officers (B. O'Donnell)
13. Review of Meeting and Recommendations (B. O'Donnell)

1800 Service Argos Dinner at the Salmon House 401 NE Northlake Way (walking distance from APL)

Friday, 31 July

0900 - 1200 Conclusion


14. Draft and Approve Meeting Minutes of the Eighth Annual Meeting -Seattle

August 3-4, 1998: International Arctic Buoy Programme mini-conference commemorating the first 20 years.
August 5-6, 1998: Workshop on Sea Ice Charts.

 

 

1.0 Objective
The objective of the International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP) is to establish and maintain a network of data buoys in the Arctic Ocean to provide meteorological and oceanographic data for real-time operational requirements and research purposes, including support to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the World Weather Watch (WWW) Programme. The Programme will build upon cooperation among those agencies and institutions with arctic interests.

2.0 Programme Responsibilities

The IABP will:


2.1 Maintain an observational data network over the Arctic Ocean using data buoys;


2.2 Distribute basic meteorological data (atmospheric pressure, air temperature) and buoy location from the network in real time over the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and distribute relevant additional real-time data approved for public dissemination;


2.3 Ensure data from the network are archived; and


2.4 Cooperate with and provide results of the Programme to other related programmes.

3.0 Observation Programme

3.1 Operational Area


The operational area of the Programme will include the central Arctic ocean and its marginal seas, excluding economic zones except where agreements of the Coastal States have been obtained.


3.2 Variables


Basic meteorological variables will be measured. Additional variables such as atmospheric pressure tendency, wind speed and direction, snow, and sea-ice properties, as well as subsurface oceanographic characteristics are desirable.


3.3 Basic Network Density


The Programme will strive to establish and maintain a basic network with observational points no more than 500 kilometers apart. As far as practical, buoys will be deployed to achieve and maintain this density over the operational area.

4.0 Data Acquisition and Distribution

4.1 Transmitters


All buoys in the basic network will be equipped with transmitters to enable transmission of basic meteorological data in real time (synoptic and asynoptic modes). The preferred approach is to collect and locate data via Service Argos using the TIROS N series of satellites or their replacements.


4.2 Coding


All basic meteorological data and buoy location will be coded in the approved WMO code for data buoys.


4.3 Global Telecommunication System


Data will be inserted by Service Argos into the Global Telecommunication System (GTS). Data collected by Participants by other means may also be inserted into the GTS.

5. 0 Data Archiving

5.1 Operational Archiving


All data transmitted on the GTS will be archived by the Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS) as the Responsible National Oceanographic Data Centre (RNODC) for Data Buoys, on behalf of both the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).


5.2 Research Data Base


A uniform, quality-controlled data base for ice motion and surface meteorology has been established for use by the arctic research community. Periodically these data will be submitted to World Data Centre A (Glaciology), World Data Centre B (Sea-Ice), and to MEDS.

6.0 Management Structure

6.1 Participants


Participants in the IABP will be operational agencies; meteorological and oceanographic institutes; research agencies; and non-governmental organizations interested in the Arctic Ocean and contributing actively to the Programme. Participants will indicate their participation in the Programme by means of a Letter of Intent.


6.2 Election of Programme Executives


The Programme will be coordinated by the Participants. The Participants will arrange for the implementation of the Programme within the framework of the Programme objective.


On an annual basis, the Participants will elect a Chair and Vice Chair and appoint a Programme Coordinator. The Chair, Vice Chair, and two representatives elected from the Participants will form the Executive Committee. Elections will be held at annual meetings of the Participants and will be decided by a simple majority if a quorum of Participants is present. A quorum will consist of at least nine Participants. If a quorum is not present at the annual meeting of Participants, elections will be by unanimous vote.


A Participant who is unable to attend the annual meeting may register a proxy vote delivered by an attending Participant if such authority is signified in writing to the Chair.


6.3 Executive Committee


The Executive Committee will be responsible for the day-to-day management of the Programme within the guidelines set at the annual meeting of Participants. The Executive Committee will provide guidance and direction to the Coordinator.


6.4 Coordinator


The Coordinator will act as the focal point for the Programme and will carry out the directives of the Executive Committee during intercessional periods. Specific responsibilities and duties of the Coordinator are contained in Appendix 1.


6.5 Funding Provisions


The Programme will be self sustaining, supported by contributions of equipment, services (such as communications, deployment, archiving, and scientific or technical advice), coordination, and monetary contributions. As necessary, the Participants will establish a budget to implement the Programme. Other funding arrangements made between the Participants will be recognized as contributions to the IABP if they further the Objective of the Programme.


6.6 Programme Review


The management structure and operation of the Programme will be reviewed at the annual meeting of Participants. The operating principles and procedures will be reviewed and updated as necessary at the annual meeting.


This edition of the operating principles and procedures of the IABP incorporates corrections made at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the IABP, Helsinki, Finland, June 1994. It includes an updated Letter of Intent to join the IABP. It also includes the Terms of Reference for the Coordinator of the IABP. (See Appendix 1)

7.0 Meetings

An annual meeting of the Participants will be held at a location to be determined by the Participants.

The Coordinator will facilitate the implementation of the IABP. The Coordinator will be appointed at the annual meeting of the Participants and will be directed by the Executive Committee. The Coordinator's appointed at the annual meeting of the Participants and will be directed by the Executive Committee. The Coordinator's specific responsibilities will be as follows:

1. To monitor and receive appropriate Argos and non-Argos data from the buoy network and to prepare a monthly status report of buoy positions;
2. To stay informed of the activities of non-Argos buoy programmes and other field operations and to make those data available, as possible;
3. To liaise with Principal Investigators and managers of individual buoy programmes in the Arctic Ocean;
4. To arrange for the maintenance of a research quality data base of ice motion and surface meteorological data, and to submit through the World Data Centre A (Glaciology) to World Data Centre B (Sea-Ice) and MEDS;
5. To develop a deployment strategy to maintain an optimum buoy network in the Arctic;
6. To coordinate opportunities for buoy deployment;
7. To liaise on technical aspects of buoy deployment;
8. To prepare an annual summary of resources committed to the programme;
9. To liaise with the Technical Coordinator of the Data Buoy Cooperation Panel to ensure that; a) the proper quality control of arctic data is maintained and; b) the data are distributed
over GTS;
10. To arrange for the purchase of buoys and ancillary equipment, as authorized;
11. To arrange for the payment of Argos data acquisition and Argos processing fees, as authorized;
12. To prepare and distribute an annual data report;
13. To maintain a distribution list for monthly status reports and annual data reports;
14. To respond to requests from WMO, WCRP, and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) for reports on arctic climatology, global change, and advice on experiment design;
15. To prepare and distribute a bimonthly newsletter of activities and plans;
16. To organize the annual meeting of Participants, present a report of the preceding year's activities, and prepare a plan for the following year; and
17. To promote the IABP so as to attract potential Participants.

NOTE: Additional contractual duties of the Coordinator that may be required in the future will be approved through the Executive Committee.

There were 27 buoys operating in the Arctic at the time of the last report at IABP-7. Since then, 23 buoys were deployed, 13 of which are around the SHEBA ice camp, and 15 buoys have ceased operating, 3 of which are around the SHEBA ice camp. There are currently 38 of buoys operating, 11 of which are at the SHEBA ice camp. The buoys around SHEBA are spaced less than 500 km apart and, if we counted these as one buoy, then there are currently 28 buoys. Figure 1 with table show the positions of the buoys currently reporting.

The Polarstern is currently in the Laptev where two ICEX buoys and one AARI buoy will be deployed in August. Additionally, seven ICEXAIR buoys will be deployed via WHITE TRIDENT, two CES buoys will be deployed via submarine, and two AARI buoys will be deployed from the vessel Federov in September. Figure 2 shows the updated buoy array and expected fall deployment via the Federov.

Figure 1. Buoy map / table, 21 August 1997 (from IABP web site http:iabp.apl.washington.edu)

Environment Canada
Twin Atria Bldg. 2nd Floor
4999 98 Avenue
Edmonton, Alberta T6B 2X3
Canada

Institute of Ocean Sciences
P.O. Box 6000
Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2
Canada

Marine Environment Data Service
200 Kent Street 1202
Ottawa, Ontario K1A OE6
Canada

Arctic Centre
University of Lapland
P.O. Box 122
SF-96101 Rovaniemi
Finland

Collecte Localisation Satellites
18 Avenue Edouard-Belin
FR-31055 Toulouse CEDEX
France


Alfred Wegener Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung
Postfach 12 01 61
D-28359 Bremerhaven
Germany


Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Ocean Research Department
2-14, Natsushima
Yokosuka 237
Japan


Christian Michelsen Research Institute
Fantoftvegen 38
N-5036 Fantoft
Norway

Nansen Environmental and
Remote Sensing Center
Edvard Griegsvei 3A
N-5037 Bergen - Solheimsviken
Norway

Norwegian Meteorological Institute
Postboks 320-Blindern
N-0313 Oslo
Norway


Norsk Polarinstitutt
Polarmiljøsenteret
Hjalmar Johansensgt. 14
Postboks 399
N-9001 Tromsø
Norway

Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
38, Bering Street
199397 St. Petersburg
Russian Federation

Russian Federal Service for
Hydrometerology and
Environmental Monitoring
ROSGIDROMET
12 Novovagan’kovsjy Street
123242 Moscow
Russian Federation

World Climate Research Programme
c/o World Meteorological Organization
C.P. 2300
CH-1211 Genéva 2
Switzerland

United Kingdom Meteorological Office
Beaufort Park
Easthampstead, Wokingham
Berkshire, RG40 3DN
United Kingdom

Scott Polar Research Institute
University of Cambridge
Lensfield Road
Cambridge CB2 1ER
United Kingdom

Commander
Naval Meteorology and
Oceanography Command
Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5180
USA

National Ice Center
4251 Suitland Road
Washington DC 20397-5180
USA

Naval Oceanographic Office
Attn: Elizabeth Horton
1002 Balch Blvd.
Stennis Space Center, MS 39522-5001
USA


Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Bldg. 3
Bin C15700 CB 357940
7600 Sand Point Way NE
Seattle, WA 98115-0070
USA

Polar Science Center
Applied Physics Laboratory
University of Washington
1012 NE 40th Street
Seattle, WA 98105-6698
USA

Service Argos
1801 McCormick Drive, Suite 10
Landover, MD 20785
USA


Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
Woods Hole, MA 02543-1541
USA


Institute of Oceaonology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
7 Nanhai Road
Qindao 266071
Peoples Republic of China

Russian Navy
Department of Navigation and
Oceanography
Ministry of Defense, Russian Federation
17, emb. Schmidt
St. Petersburg 199162
Russian Federation

Ed Hudson
Tel: 1 403 951 8629
Fax: 1 403 951 8762
Edward.Hudson@ec.gc.ca

Humfrey Melling
Tel: +1 604 363 652
Fax: +1 604 363 6746
mellingh@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

Paul-André Bolduc
Tel: +1 613 990 0231
Fax: +1 613 993 4658
bolduc@ottmed.meds.dfo.ca

Manfred Lange
Tel: +49 251 83 3591
Fax: +49 251 83 8397
manfred.a.lange@t-online.de


Christian Ortega
Tel: +33 61 39 47 20
Fax: +33 61 75 10 14
c.ortega@cls.cnes.fr


Hartmut Hellmer
Tel: +49 471 4831 287
Fax: +49 471 4831 425
hhellmer@awo-bremerhaven.de



Shinya Kakuta
Tel: +81 468 67 3463
Fax: +81 468 65 3202
kakutas@jamstec.go.jp



Thor Kvinge
Tel: +47 55.12.16.88
Fax: +47 55.12.14.36
thkvinge@online.no

Ola M Johannessen
Tel: +47 55 29 72 88
Fax: +47 55 20 00 50
Ola.Johannessen@nrsc.no
URL: http://www.nrsc.no/

Knut Bjørheim
Tel: +47 22 96 30 00
Fax: +47 22 96 30 50
knut.bjorheim@dnmi.no


Reinert Korsnes
Tel: +47 77 75 05 00
Fax: +47 77 75 05 01
reinert.korsnes@tromso.npolar.no



Ivan Frolov
Tel: +7 812 351 0319/1520
Fax: +7 812 352 2688
aaricoop@aari.nw.ru

Sergey Hodkin
Tel: +7 095 252 0728
Fax: +7 095 255 2400





Victor Savtchenko
Tel: +41 22 730 8486
Fax: +41 22 734 3181
savtchenko_v@gateway.wmo.ch


Wynn Jones
Tel: +44 1 344 855 603
Fax: +44 1 344 855 897
dwjones@meto.gov.uk


Peter Wadhams
Tel: +44 1223 336 542
Fax: +44 1223 336 549
ppw11@cus.cam.ac.uk


Current Commander





Dave Benner
Tel: +1 301 457 5314 ex 301
Fax: +1 301 457 5300
dbenner@icecen.fb4.noaa.gov

Elizabeth Horton
Tel: +1 228 688 5725
Fax: +1 228 688 5514
hortone@navo.navy.mil



James Overland
Tel: +1 206 526 6824
Fax: +1 206 526 6485
overland@pmel.noaa.gov



Ignatius Rigor
Tel: +1 206 685 2751
Fax: +1 206 543 3521




Archie Shaw III
Tel: +1 301 925 4411
Fax: +1 301 925 8995
shaw@argosinc.com


Richard Krishfield
Tel: +1 508 289 2849
Fax: +1 508 457 2175
rkrishfield@whoi.edu

Jinping Zhao
Tel: +86 532-2879062 extn 5804
Fax: +86 532-2870882
jpzhao@ms.qdio.ac.cn

Oleg Korneev
Tel: +7 812 213 9437
Fax: +7 812 213 7437
oleg@marin.spb.org

This report highlights activities - and upcoming activities - of the International Arctic Buoy Programme that have occurred since the report filed August 1996 for the 12th session of the Data Buoy Cooperation Panel. The IABP continues to maintain a homepage that provides IABP participant listing, monthly maps of the IABP buoys in place and their status, buoy diagrams, IABP images and plots to browse and borrow, IABP data animations, pointers to ice charts and more - http://iabp.apl.washington.edu

INTERNATIONAL ARCTIC BUOY PROGRAMME (IABP) SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING AND BUOY DESIGN WORKSHOP, ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, JUNE 1997
Members of the International Arctic Buoy Programme met 2 June for a one day buoy designers workshop and 3-6 June, 1997, in St Petersburg, Russian Federation for the seventh annual business meeting of the program. The meetings were hosted by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute.

BUOY DESIGN WORKSHOP HIGHLIGHTS
New model AARI buoy - The Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) has developed a buoy for air-deployment. The new model AARI air-deployable Argos-system ice buoy is designed to provide air pressure and air temperature data. The buoy is battery powered to operate for a year. At present, Canada uses CALIB buoys (air pressure only, 1 year life) for air-deployment, while other participants use ICEX buoys (air pressure and air temperature, 3 year life) for air-deployment.

IABP 7 MEETING HIGHLIGHTS
‘Drifting’ becomes ‘data’ - In recognition that IABP data sets have grown from beyond only drifting buoys on ice to include fixed buoys on islands and coastal stations, the IABP operating principles were amended to ‘data buoys’ in place of ‘drifting buoys’.
Data flow control facilities / tools available on the web - The DBCP is implementing data flow control facilities accessible via the web so that users with no GTS access can check whether their platforms are reporting on GTS. The DBCP is also implementing tools on the web that should be useful for deployment strategies.
GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) - The IABP looks to contact between the coordinator of the IABP and the GOOS (Global Ocean Observing System) Project Office, and the European GOOS Office.

UPCOMING EVENTS
The Arctic Buoy Program: Scientific Achievements from the first 20 years: A mini-conference sponsored by the IABP and the Data Buoy Co-operation Panel will be held 3-4 August 1998, Seattle, Washington.
Operational Sea Ice Charts of the Arctic: A workshop sponsored by the Arctic Climate System Study of the World Climate Research Programme will be held 5-7 August 1998, Seattle, Washington.
See http:iabp.apl.washington.edu/ or http:npolar.no:80/acsys for details.

COMMITMENT
The IABP is committed to working closely with the Global Groups who are working on the impacts of oceans on climate change to ensure that the Arctic Ocean data is part of the broader global ocean analysis. Atmospheric pressure and 2 meter air temperature remain the principal geophysical variables monitored by IABP buoys. This basic data is made available in real time on the global transmission system. Technology exists for the long term measurement of several additional variables, for example, ice temperature and internal stress. Participants Woods Hole Oceanography Institution, for example, in partnership with the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center has a buoy in place (IOEB Ice-Ocean Environmental Buoy) which provides data both above ice and below ice. Above ice, it provides air temperature, atmospheric pressure and wind speed and direction. Below ice, it has a compliment of oceanographic instruments ranging from sonar to CTD measuring devices. The web site http:ioeb.whoi.edu outlines the history of the IOEB buoy and the 1996 and 1997 refurbishment of the buoy. Per Figure 1, the IOEB buoy - Argos Ids 10667 and 10668 - resided northwest of Banks Island 21 August 1997. Another set of buoys with oceanographic strings are the Metocean buoys deployed August 1996 by scientists of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. Per Figure 1, these buoys lay on the European site of the pole 21 August 1997.

PARTICPANTS
Twenty-four organizations spanning 10 countries and 1 international organization are participants in the International Arctic Buoy Programme. The participants remain a mix of operational agencies, meteorological and oceanographic institutes, research agencies and non-government organizations that are interested in the Arctic Ocean and who contribute actively to the program. IABP participants continue to seek partners within their respective countries and internationally who are willing to supply additional buoys or sensors for existing buoys so that the IABP can grow.

CURRENT BUOY ARRAY / DEPLOYMENTS / COOPERATION
Per Figure 1, the buoy array across the Arctic Basin as of 21 August 1997 was comprised of 28 buoys including a total of 6 buoys deployed in 1997 - airdrop of a CALIB buoy by the Canadian Forces May 1997, surface deployment of a U.S. Coastal Climate Zeno buoy by Environment Canada via Twin Otter landing on ice and air deployment of four ICEX-AIR buoys by the U.S. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. The buoys were funded by U.S. National Ice Service and the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center.

MORE (1997) DEPLOYMENTS TO COME
Ongoing Process - Deployments to replenish the buoy array across the Arctic Basin are ongoing. Buoys fail due to battery power coming to an end - buoys are powered to last from a year or so (CALIB air-deployed buoys) to up to 3 years (ICEX air-deployed buoys and the Coastal Climate ZENO surface-deployed buoys), other buoys exit the Arctic Basin for the North Atlantic, and some buoys fall through the ice while others get crushed as ice rafts and ridges. The number of operational buoys is usually at a peak late summer and at a minimum during the spring.
ICEX Buoys to the Laptev - ICEX buoys will be air-deployed on the ice of Laptev Sea late August or September by the Norwegien Air Force.
Buoys to the Beaufort - As part of the SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean) - http://sheba.apl.washington.edu - experiment field data gathering stage, several buoys, both sensored and position only buoys, will be deployed September 1997 in the northern Beaufort Sea.

IMPROVEMENTS IN POSITION ACCURACY AND DATA AVAILABILITY
Position accuracy available from Service Argos has improved in the past few years. Since mid June 1994, position accuracy within 100 metres has been available making accurate ice motion calculations possible. In addition, the availability of GPS integrated into Argos transmitters has allowed the very accurate position readings required for studying convergence and divergence within ice fields and the rotation of large floes. Most of the buoys presently in place rely on Service Argos calculated positions for ice motion and the cruder local user terminal calculated positions for real-time meteorological use. Since mid-June 1994, Service Argos has offered 3-satellite service thereby providing an increase of data capacity and the number of daily locations.

RECENT IABP PUBLICATIONS

International Arctic Buoy Program Data Report 1 January 1996 - 31 December 1996; Ignatius G. Rigor and Andreas Heiberg; Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

International Arctic Buoy Program Data Report 1 January 1995 - 31 December 1995; Ignatius G. Rigor and Andreas Heiberg; Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

Monthly Ice Motion and Atmospheric Pressure in the Arctic Basin, 1979 - 1993; Ignatius G. Rigor and
Roger L. Colony; Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington.

PAPERS MAKING USE OF IABP DATA
Recent and soon to be released papers that make use of IABP buoy data include:

Recent Decrease in Sea Level Pressure in the Central Arctic; John E. Walsh, William L. Chapman, and Timothy L. Shy; American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate, Vol. 9, February 1996, 480-486.

Sea Ice Production in the Laptev Sea; Rigor, I. and R. Colony; in press: Science of the Total Environment.

Potential Shortcuts for Transport of Contaminants from the Kara Sea; Pfirman, S.L, J.W. Kogeler, and I. Rigor; in press: Science of the Total Environment.

Reconstructing the Origin and Trajectory of Drifting Arctic Sea Ice; Pfirman, S.L., R. Colony, D. Nurnberg, H. Eicken, and I. Rigor; in press: Journal of Geophysical Research.

Properties of the Arctic 2-Meter Air Temperature for 1979; Martin, S. and Munoz, E.; in press: Journal of Climate.

Statistics of Surface Air Temperature Observations in the Arctic Basin; Rigor, I. and E. A. Muroz; in preparation.

Transport of 137 Cs and 239,240 Pu by Ice Rafted Debris in the Arctic Ocean; Landa, E., E. Reimnitz, D. Beals, J. Pochkowski, and I. Rigor; in preparation.

Recent observations of a spring-summer surface warming over the Arctic Ocean; Martin, S., Munoz, E., and R. Drucker; GRL (submitted).